أفعال الكلام في كتاب البخلاء للجاحظ (مقاربة تداولية )

Résumé: Modern linguistic studies, especially academic studies, have taken a clear and unified direction, trying to link applied linguistic studies through linguistic and critical programs imported from modern Western studies, with literary productions of all kinds (ancient and modern prose and poetry), in an attempt to generate a new type of study that brings the Arabic language lesson out of the stagnation experienced previously, due to the fact that the work of researchers is limited to the codification of grammar, rules of rhetoric or the translation of Western theoretical studies. Pragmatic linguistics has established itself as a credible course in the field of linguistic studies, given its briefings on all discourse issues at all levels. The pragmatic approach is one of the most recent in the field of linguistic sciences and is the result of its openness to different fields of knowledge. This approach is based on the study of language in its real environment, which is use, which has made pragmatics a link between many different sciences. As for the objective of pragmatic approaches to texts, it is to access the means of communication within the discourse and produce words by exploiting the linguistic material and knowing how to adapt them to achieve the objectives that guide the communication process from its base. The speech act bearing the evidentiary characteristic is the objective of the analysis in this type of approach. The meaning varies and varies according to the image of the reference that we are considering. The meaning not only links the semantic units to their verbal units, but goes beyond to make them accompanied by changes in perception, intellectual processes, intellectual and interpretative relationships in the mind of the recipient, being the receiver and target element of the communication process. In addition to focusing on the rhetorical potential of the speaker's qualities and specificities, with the aim of influencing the recipient and convincing him of the issues raised by the speech. The study of speech acts of all kinds and the theory of arguments is at the heart of the pragmatic study, or can be considered the most explicit applied facet of this type of study. It is based on the principle that statements made in specific situations are transformed into actions of a social dimension. Many factors interfere with this change, including: linguistic, social, psychological, cultural...etc. These speech acts also have an argumentative dimension that plays an important role in guiding these acts. From the above, this research, entitled "Speech acts in the book entitled "Al-Boukhalaa" by Al-Djahidh: a pragmatic approach", addresses the theory of these acts and their role in the construction of discourse and the orientation of arguments in narrative texts; Applying the pragmatic approach to a selection of anecdotes taken from Al-Jahedh's book "Al-Bukhalaa", I tried to root some of these concepts in the Arabic rhetorical heritage in general, and in Al-Jahedh in particular, where I found that the pioneers of Arabic rhetoric had elaborated on these details... even indirectly - through their study of the Qur'anic text and its interpretation. They examined expression in terms of communication, characterizing it as an instrument without which the usefulness of the reports would not be achieved and the statement would not be verified; that is, it is studied in connection with its place in profiting from the news. From what we have seen in this section, we have seen the genius of Arab rhetoricians in raising and dealing with questions in a number of ways that are more precise than what we have found in Western pragmatics, which is distinguished from Arabic pragmatics only by the fixation of terms and by the use of scientific and mathematical signs.

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