تنمية مهارات التّفكير النّاقد لدى المتعلّمين من خلال نشاطيْ فهم المنطوق وفهم المكتوب- السّنة الثّالثة من التّعليم المتوسّط عيّنةً-

Résumé: This study aimed to investigate the extent to which critical thinking skills are incorporated into the listening comprehension and reading comprehension activities for third-year middle school students. To achieve this goal, a descriptive method was adopted, and an analysis tool was developed in the form of an observation checklist, designed to analyze the questions posed by the teachers who constituted the study sample. The analysis tool included five main critical thinking skills, branching into thirty sub-skills. It was reviewed and validated by a group of subject-matter experts who agreed on its components. The tool was then applied to analyze teachers' questions in both listening and reading comprehension activities. The results revealed that, although the inclusion of critical thinking skills in these questions was generally acceptable, it lacked balance. Some skills were overrepresented, while others received little to no attention. Based on these findings, the researcher recommended raising teachers' awareness of critical thinking skills and providing them with systematic training. This would enable them to construct questions more objectively and methodically, thereby enhancing students' various thinking abilities—particularly critical thinking skills.

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